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This Essay on modern progress spins out of Marxism a theory of time about which Marxism itself has remained largely unconscious. Marxism is a theory of the already-taken. Critical Race Theory has as its animating spirit, its haunt, a related—but up until now only latent—temporal theory of the already-taken. The unconscious, we learn from psychoanalysis, does not know time; it is timeless. The authority of law comes to us from this same time out of mind. The four corners of this Essay's theory of the already-taken are Marxism, Critical Race Theory, psychoanalysis, and jurisprudence. The already-taken is the unconscious of law.

This paper examines the notions of Shiʿism and kingship in Safavid cultural materials (coins, architectural inscriptions, enthronement orations, and panegyrics) to trace the role of Safavid ideology in the dynasty's transformation from a Sufi order into a monarchic institution with a sectarian identity. It examines these materials in order to reconstruct the dominant ideology of the Safavids in various venues. Examination of the ideologies of Safavid rulership shows a marked difference between ideologies expressed in these cultural mediums. We argue that this difference points to a multi-pronged Safavid strategy of projecting political legitimacy in distinct registers for different audiences. By combining ideologies that were embraced and practiced by people of different regions and sects in the Persian empire before the Safavids, the Safavid monarchs managed to spread widely their power within the empire and beyond, to change the religio-political ideology of the empire, and to remain in power for more than two centuries.

Electric power demand for household-generated traffic was estimated as a function of time and space for the region of Flanders, Belgium. An activity-based model was used to predict traffic demand. Electric vehicle (EV) type and charger characteristics were determined on the basis of car ownership and on the assumption that the market shares of EV categories would be similar to the current ones for internal combustion engine vehicles published in government statistics. Charging opportunities at home and work locations were derived from the predicted schedules and the estimation of the possibility to charge at work. Simulations were run for several levels of EV market penetration and for specific ratios of battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) to pluggable hybrid electric vehicles. A single car was used to drive all trips in a daily schedule. Most of the Flemish schedules could be driven entirely by a BEV even after the published range values were reduced to account for range anxiety and for the overestimated ranges resulting from tests in accordance with standards. The current overnight period for low-tariff electricity was found to be sufficiently long to allow for individual cost optimizing while minimizing the peaks for overall power demand.

Translation of: Kirche und Kirchen. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Non e la questione dell'autorita del Papa in materia di fede, ne della sua supremazia spirituale su tutti i fedeli, che vogliamo trattare, ma l'origine dell'indipendenza politica del Papa da ogni sovrano, governante o stato, o meglio della sua sovranita temporale - sovranita che nel Medio Evo lo elevava alla alta dignita di Supremo Signore e Giudice dei principi e dei popoli cristiani. ; N/A

Aegidius Romanus is a prominent author within several theoreticians on the relationship between Temporal & Spiritual Power in Christian Medieval Theocratic Thought. However, in the process leading to his work (early XIV Century) some relevant antecedents can be found: Hugh of Saint Victor anticipated in the XII Century the main tenets of Aegidius' Political and Theological view, while Augustine of Hippo (early V Century), and Pope Gelasius I (late V Century) also held doctrines present in Aegidius' work. This paper presents the incipient Division of Powers in the V Century, the subordination of Temporal Power to the Spiritual one in Hugh of Saint Victor, and the radical submission of the Temporal Power to the Churchly Might in Aegidius. ; Egidio Romano es un autor prominente dentro del cuadro de teóricos que discutieron la relación entre el poder temporal y el espiritual en el pensamiento teocrático de la Cristiandad medieval. Sin embargo, su trabajo (principios del siglo XIV) puede encontrar ciertos antecedentes relevantes: Hugo de San Víctor anticipó, en el siglo XII, los postulados centrales de la visión política y teológica de Egidio. Y también Agustín de Hipona (a principios del siglo V) y el Papa Gelasio I (a fines del siglo V) defendieron doctrinas presentes en el pensamiento de Egidio. Este trabajo expone, así, la incipiente división de poderes en el siglo V: la subordinación del poder temporal al espiritual en el pensamiento de Hugo de San Víctor y, luego, la sumisión radical del poder temporal frente al poder religioso propuesto por Egidio.

Aegidius Romanus is a prominent author within several theoreticians on the relationship between Temporal & Spiritual Power in Christian Medieval Theocratic Thought. However, in the process leading to his work (early XIV Century) some relevant antecedents can be found: Hugh of Saint Victor anticipated in the XII Century the main tenets of Aegidius' Political and Theological view, while Augustine of Hippo (early V Century), and Pope Gelasius I (late V Century) also held doctrines present in Aegidius' work. This paper presents the incipient Division of Powers in the V Century, the subordination of Temporal Power to the Spiritual one in Hugh of Saint Victor, and the radical submission of the Temporal Power to the Churchly Might in Aegidius. ; Egidio Romano es un autor prominente dentro del cuadro de teóricos que discutieron la relación entre el poder temporal y el espiritual en el pensamiento teocrático de la Cristiandad medieval. Sin embargo, su trabajo (principios del siglo XIV) puede encontrar ciertos antecedentes relevantes: Hugo de San Víctor anticipó, en el siglo XII, los postulados centrales de la visión política y teológica de Egidio. Y también Agustín de Hipona (a principios del siglo V) y el Papa Gelasio I (a fines del siglo V) defendieron doctrinas presentes en el pensamiento de Egidio. Este trabajo expone, así, la incipiente división de poderes en el siglo V: la subordinación del poder temporal al espiritual en el pensamiento de Hugo de San Víctor y, luego, la sumisión radical del poder temporal frente al poder religioso propuesto por Egidio.

32 p. ; Attributed to Edward Dering. Cf. BLC. ; Reproduction of original in Thomason Collection, British Library.

International Relations scholars are certain about two facts: power is the defining concept of the discipline and there is no consensus about what that concept means. One explanation for this problematic state of the field is that most International Relations scholars freight their analyses of power with hidden assumptions about time. Temporality is an essential component of political analysis, as a burgeoning literature has begun to explore. This paper argues that there are two latent presumptions about time that fundamentally affect how scholars conceptualize power in world politics. First, scholars are rarely explicit in defining the temporal scope of their key causal processes. The longer the implicit temporal scope, the more expansive their definition and operationalization of power can be. Second, there is considerable variation of beliefs about the temporal returns to power: does exercising or accumulating power generate positive or negative feedback effects over time? Relying on canonical works in the field, this paper examines the hidden assumptions that different paradigms make about power and time. Illuminating these assumptions clarifies the root of cross-paradigmatic disagreements about international politics and suggests some interesting pathways for future theoretical and empirical work.

International Relations scholars are certain about two facts: power is the defining concept of the discipline and there is no consensus about what that concept means. One explanation for this problematic state of the field is that most International Relations scholars freight their analyses of power with hidden assumptions about time. Temporality is an essential component of political analysis, as a burgeoning literature has begun to explore. This paper argues that there are two latent presumptions about time that fundamentally affect how scholars conceptualize power in world politics. First, scholars are rarely explicit in defining the temporal scope of their key causal processes. The longer the implicit temporal scope, the more expansive their definition and operationalization of power can be. Second, there is considerable variation of beliefs about the temporal returns to power: does exercising or accumulating power generate positive or negative feedback effects over time? Relying on canonical works in the field, this paper examines the hidden assumptions that different paradigms make about power and time. Illuminating these assumptions clarifies the root of cross-paradigmatic disagreements about international politics and suggests some interesting pathways for future theoretical and empirical work.